Strategic Management of the Australia Post

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of the Australia Post. Answer: Introduction This report provides an understanding about strategic management of the Australia post. In this report, it discusses the competitors analysis and it discusses about its competitors such as TNT, FedEx, and DHL. It also explains about the various factors of the macro environment such as political factors, economic factors, socio-cultural factors, technological factors, legal factors and environmental factors. It defines corporate strategies of Australia post. It also explains the business strategy using Ansoff matrix. In this report, it also discusses about the strategic leadership of the Australia post. Company Profile: Australia Post is a company, which offers the postal services in Australia and out of the country. It operates a business in the name of Australian Postal Corporation. Australia Post was founded on 25 April 1809 and its headquarters is in Melbourne, Australia. It is managed and controlled by the Australian government. It is ranked at position 23rd among top 100 financial brands in Australia. Generally, it deals in various services such as parcels and mail (stamps, packaging, parcel collection and delivery), money insurance (prepaid cards, insurance, and financial services) and business solutions (parcel shipping and counters, finance and payment, and e-commerce solutions) (Australian Postal Corporation, 2017). Australia Post has more than 4400 post offices, and 11.4 million delivery centers, which are managed at different locations of the Australia. Industry Analysis Porters Five Force Model Bargaining power of buyers: There is large number of courier companies present in Australia. The competition among the postal service providers is very high. Australian post has two different types of customers who possess different level of bargaining power. The individual customers have low power. On the other hand, the contract/corporate customers have highest power. This empowers the buyers with the bargaining power. Postal service market in Australia is a mature market so the customer is aware of the price/rate offered by the courier companies. Moreover, due to low switching cost the bargaining power of customers is high (Rothaermel, 2015). Bargaining Power of suppliers: Australian post is having large number of suppliers present in the market so it is not dependent on specific suppliers. Due to large number of suppliers, the bargaining power of suppliers is low. In terms of logistics, the suppliers force is weak as there are several owned vehicles used for transportation. Moreover, there are several other dealers for vehicles, so the dependency on single or few players is very low. Threat of Rivalry: Rivalry among the existing competitors is high as there are large numbers of postal service providers in Australia. All the competitors such as FedEx, DHL, United parcel Service, TNT, DTDC etc. are present in market from a long period of time and are having good market share (Maiden, 2015). Service at lowest cost makes the difference among all. Threat of Substitutes: As there are large numbers of competitors present in the postal service. The threat of substitutes is high for Australia post as the price charged for the postal service is the only factor of difference among the competitors. The customer is aware of the prices of postal services, so the company providing services at lower rate are having the benefit of good business opportunity (Castle, 2014). Threats of New Entrants: Threat of new entry is the level of difficulty for a new company to enter the industry. For Australian post, threat of new entry is low due to high investment cost to start a new postal service. Need of transport vehicles and fleet are major requirements. Moreover, to compete with big players like DHL, Fed ex, Australian post etc it is very crucial to have good branding and extraordinary services, which are very difficult to opt. Competitor analysis Australia Post is a giant company in Australia. It has captured 60 percent of the market share in the business of delivery of the parcels. The main competitors of the Australia Post are FedEx, TNT, Toll, and DHL. These private companies are giving major challenges to Australia Post. The TNT grasps 10 percent and DHL holds 5 percent of the market share in the trade of delivery of the parcels. According to the analysis, the Australia post is the leader company in Australia but its markets shares are continuously decreasing because of its competitors. Its competitors increase their market share by acquiring and margining with other leading companies such as FedEx purchased TNT express for increasing its market share in Australia (Korporaal, 2015). Its competitors like FedEx and United Parcel Service are dealing internationally and dominating the others companies. Australia post is also dealing internationally but has to increase its scope in various countries. FedEx is not giving domestic parcel services in Australia but after acquiring the TNT, it provides the domestic parcel services in Australia. Therefore, it can be said that Australia post is now losing its market shares but due to innovation, and research and development, it can sustains its market share (DB Hoovers, 2017). Macro Environmental Factors Macro environmental factors are the factors, which are not controllable and changeable. They affect the environment of the organization and also influence the decision-making of the business. The organization has to change and manage strategies and decision according to the external environmental factors. It is also called external environment. Macro environmental Factors include the Pestle analysis. Pestle analysis is a tool, which helps to evaluate the external factors by which organization can take effective decision and control its managerial functions. Pestle analysis includes six factors such as political factors, economical factors, socio-cultural factors, technological factors, legal factors and environmental factors (Whitehead, 2012). Political Factors: Political factors of any country are also affecting the working of the organization. Australia is an industrialized nation and political surroundings are also stabled. There are lots of opportunities for Australia post to enhance its business in Australia and increases its market shares by the help of innovation and giving better services as compared to its competitors. Therefore, political factors of the Australia support Australia port (Metzger, 2014). Economical Factors: Economical factors are also influencing the decision of the business. The economical factors of the Australia are very sound and its economic growth is also good. The government rates such as tax rate and interest rates are feasible for the multinational companies. Therefore, it can be said that economical factors of the Australia are favorable for the Australia post (Zhou, 2011). Socio-cultural Factors: Socio-cultural factors of the countries are also affecting the business decision of the organization. The people of the Australia follow the western culture and they are highly influenced by the latest trends and style. Mostly, Australian people use e-commerce websites to order their daily routine goods and services. Therefore, Australia post has great opportunities to deliver postal packages. Technological Factors: Technological factors have great impact on the environment of the business. Sometimes these factors change the decision of the organisation. Australia is advance in technology and their people are also techno savvy people. Australia post also matches its business according to new trends and lifestyle. It launches various e-services such as track items, find a postcard, pay a bill, and redirect and hold mail. It also uses various technologies such as Tray management system, Multi-line optical character reader, Video coding machines, Barcode sorting machines, and Small packets sorting machine to enhance the profitability and productivity of the organization (Australia Post, 2017). Legal Factors: Every country has its own laws and regulations. Legal factors include consumer law, copyright law, and import/export law. Australia also has sound and strict rules and regulations but these rules and regulations are favorable to domestic companies. Australia post also takes such benefits from its country. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors are also influencing the business process of the various organizations. It includes various factors such as geographical location, weather, and climate. Australia is a prosperous country and is rich in resources. Their environmental laws are very much focused on environment protection and conservation. Therefore, Australia post has to use such packaging, which is recyclable and not provide harm to environment (Miller et al., 2011) Corporate Business Strategy Australia post is having focus on offering essential and appropriate service. Business of Australia post depends upon the customer satisfaction so the main focus is to fulfill the modern needs of the customers. In recent years, Australian post has renewed business strategy. They have alliance with Amazon, Armex and eBay for better logistics (Cummins, 2016). Change in technology has speeding up the courier service. Digitalization helped customers to track the courier from home. This satisfies the customers and brings faith towards the company. Australia post made strategy to enter into e-commerce and digital services to better serve its customers. This will ensure the accuracy and speed up the organisation in efficient and effective manner. The motive of the organisation is to build better relationship with customers, community and people. In the next phase, Australian post has also launched new drone technology for small parcels that are in nearby area byRemotely Piloted Aircraft (Sw an, 2016). Company Business strategy: Ansoff Matrix Ansoff matrix is using to evaluate business strategies of the organization. It shows four types of business growth strategies such as market penetration, market development, product development and diversification. Market penetration is a strategy in which marketer sells its products offerings inclusive of general goods and services in prevailing market. Market development is a strategy in which marketer offers its prevailing goods and services in new emerging market. Product development is a strategy in which company offers new products in established market. Diversification is a business strategy, in which company launches its new goods and services in new market (Campbell et al., 2011). Generally, Australia post is using diversification business strategy. It enhances its productivity and profitability by dealing in various segments such as parcels mail, money insurance, travel ID and business solutions. In various segments, it provides various products and services to increase the satisfaction level of the customers. It also offers its various services in different countries like New Zealand, China, USA, Canada, UK, and Ireland to increase its business. The organisation also uses product development strategy to improve its position in Australia. Australia post provides new service like free parcel lockers, which can be accessed 24 by 7. It also uses drone technology to deliver packages, which are not easy to reach on time (Swan, 2016). Strategic leadership evident The current business environment is changing at a fast speed. There is lots of competition in postal service industry due to changing technology. To overcome pressure to perform and sustain, the leaders have to introduce new ideas and decisions. Implementation of such decisions and ideas in such a manner that employee accepts the decision and works benefiting the company. These strategies are different from the old theories of forcing or threatening employees in order to get followed (Joyce, 2016). It is about influencing employees in such a way that make them feel and want to contribute to the success of the company. These strategies are tracking postal parcel, use of drone technology and they provide different perks and bonus to employees get good rating from customers. Regular feedback from clients and satisfy their each need is again a strategic decision of Australia Post. Conclusion On the basis of above discussions, it can be concluded that all over position of Australia post is better in the market. By analyzing the portal five-force model, it can be said that power of buyers and suppliers is low because of high competition in the market and threat of new entrants is also low due to huge investment requirement in this business. It also analyses the competitors position in the market of Australia. By analyzing the competitors position, it can be reflected that the company is enjoys a huge market share than that of its competitors. By analyzing the macro environment, it concludes that external factors such as political, economical, socio-culture, technological, legal and environmental factors are affecting the working of the Australia post. It also concludes that the organization uses the diversification business strategy to enhance or increase its scope in various countries. Reference Australia Post (2017) Technology and the future, [Online]. Available at: https://auspost.com.au/education/ourpost/students/our-post/future.html (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Australian Postal Corporation (2017) Make a lasting impression this Easter. Available at: https://auspost.com.au/ (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Castle, J. (2014) Posting Parcels Overseas. Available at: https://www.choice.com.au/shopping/shopping-for-services/services/articles/best-international-postal-service (Accessed: 12 April 2017) Cummins, C. (2016) Austalia post will reach out to help amazon. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/property/aussie-post-will-reach-out-to-help-amazon-20170406-gvetce.html (Accessed 13 April 2017) DBHoovers(2017) Australian Postal Corporation Competition. Availableat:https://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/competition.australian_postal_corporation.bafe3e1ed63c98f4.html (Accessed: 11 April 11, 2017). Joyce, P. (2016) Strategic Leadership in the Public Sector. UK: Routledge Korporaal, G. (2015) Australia Post Rivals Picking up the Parcel Business, The Australian Business Review, [Online]. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/the-deal-magazine/australia-post-rivals-picking-up-the-parcel-business/news-story/34c841e719d65d9a75939c65578fbec3 (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Maiden, M. (2015) Australia Post eyes price rise. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/australia-post-eyes-price-rise-20140129-31n5w.html (Accessed: 12 April 2017) Metzger, K. (2014) Business Analysis of UK Supermarket Industry. Munich: Grin Verlag. Miller, F. P., Vandome, A.F. and McBrewster, J. (2011) Pest Analysis. Saarbrucken: VDM Publishing. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015)Strategic management:Concepts and cases. NY: McGraw-Hill. Swan, D. (2016) Australia Post launches new drone technology. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/australia-post-launches-new-drone-technology/news-story/94fb1d20e88e54571462546a88b7cfad (Accessed 12 April 2017) Whitehead, J. (2012) What You Need to Know about Strategy. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Zhou, Q. (2011) Advances in Applied Economics, Business and Development: International Symposium. Berlin: Springer

Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essay Example

Interlanguage and the Error analysis Essay The learners developing second language knowledge. It may have characteristics of the learners native language, characteristics of the second language, and some characteristics which seem to be very general and tend to occur in all or most interlanguage systems. Interlanguages are systematic, but they are also dynamic, continually evolving as learners receive more input and revise their hypotheses about the second language. L2 learners process through an interlanguage, which is an independent knowledge of L1 and L2 system. Interlanguage is systematic, because the learner selects the rules systematically, learners bases plans on the rule system, in the same way as the native speaker bases on the internalized knowledge of L1 system. Interlanguage is dynamic; learners interlanguage is constantly changing. The learner revises the interim system to accommodate new hypotheses about L2 system. (First introduction the new rule in one context and than another, and so on) The term interlanguage was first issued by Selinker (1972) Interlanguage refers to the structured system which learner constructs at any given stage in the development. Interlanguage refers to the series of interlocking system which form the learners built-in syllabus Corder L2 learner progress along the interlanguage continuum in the same way as it was in L1. Both L1 and L2 learners make errors in order to test out certain hypothesis about the nature of the language they are learning. The 5 principle together constitute the way in which the learner tries to internalize the L2 system. We will write a custom essay sample on Interlanguage and the Error analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Interlanguage and the Error analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Interlanguage and the Error analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Learners have limited space for processing, cannot cope with the complex language system. Some L2 learners fail to reach the target language, because they do not reach the end of the interlanguage continuum, stop learning, when their interlanguage contains some rules different from the rules of the target language. This is called fossilization. Fossilization occurs in most language learners. Fossilized structure can be realized as errors or as correct target language forms. If the learner has reached the stage of development, in which 1 feature in the interlanguage has assumed the same form in the target language, than fossilization of the correct form will occur. If the learner has reached the stage of development in which the feature does not have the same form as the target language, the fossilization will occur as an error. In that case the fossilization occur, because the learner believes that he does not need to develop his interlanguage any further, in order to communicate effectively. We know from Chomsky, that children acquire languages, because of the existence of the childs acquisition device, which changes with age and its not possible after puberty. The question: How do adults succeed in learning L2, if the acquisition device is not possible for them any more? As Selinker argued that those adults, who successfully achieve native-speaker proficiency in the TL, do so, because they continue to make use of acquisition device and they are able to transform the universal grammar into the structure of the grammar of the target language. But those adults who cannot achieve proficiency is because, they are unable to reactivate the acquisition device. Until 1960, the prevention of errors was more important, than the identification of errors. It was Corder, who first realised the importance of analysing the learners errors (1967). As I said before, both L1L2 learners make errors in order to test out certain hypothesis about the nature of the language, they are learning. Corder saw the making of errors as a strategy, evidence of learners internal processing. This was in opposition of the view of behaviourist psychology, presented in the Contrastive Analysis before. Because Contrastive analysis believed that errors produced by the L2 learner, result from the interference of L1,Contrastive analysis was based on the comparison of L1 and L2, and teacher were aware of the errors. The new interest in errors was the recognition that they provide information about the process of acquisition.

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buy custom Imaging Services Radiology essay The role of imaging is now becoming ever more important in patient management. With the now widespread use of different imaging techniques, it has become clear that there are several ways of investigating the same condition through diagnostic imaging. Diagnostic imaging is a term used to refer to those technologies used by doctors in examining the body to establish any medical condition (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). There are various machines and techniques that can create pictures of the human body. Doctors use various technologies in examining the body for clues about a medical condition. Many diagnostic imaging tests are painless and easy. Nevertheless, they may require one to stay for a long time in the machine. The science of radiology has its beginning towards the end of the 19th century when a Dutch physicist, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, discovered a form of radiation that he named x-ray since he could not understand its nature (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). In the first decade of the discovery of x-ray, the physical effects of x-rays on patients were also observed. It was not long before a new medical specialty known as radiology was born. Traditionally, radiology was divided into diagnostic and therapeutic. The only common area between these disciplines was the use of ionizing radiation. The last quarter of the twentieth century was marked by changes in diagnostic radiology that superseded those made in the first three quarters of the century (Daffner, 2007). Developments in recent decades have revolutionized medical diagnosis, making areas of the body previously inaccessible to surgical examination clearly visible. The realm of diagnostic radiology encompasses various modalities of imaging that may be used individually or, more commonly, in combination to provide the clinician with enough information to aid in making diagnosis. Diagnostic imaging includes radiography with and without contrast enhancement, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, diagnostic ultrasound, and nuclear imaging (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). The first three of these imaging forms use X-rays. The first diagnostic imaging modality to be examined in this paper is the computed tomography. Under ordinary circumstances, the fleshy organs of the body such as the heart and kidneys are considered uniform in radiographic density if examined using conventional radiographs (Brant Helms, 2009). However, these tissues vary somehow in their chemical properties, and it is possible, using computer-enhanced techniques, to measure those differences, magnify them, and display them in varying shades of gray or in color. This is the basis for computed tomography. The first CT machine was developed by Godfrey Hounsfield in England, and for these efforts, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1979 (Brant Helms, 2009). In CT, the subject is irradiated using an x-ray beam, as well as a detector system that moves all around the body of the patient. This allows the system detector to measure the intensity of radiation passing through the subject (Erkonen Smith, 2009). The data obtained from the measurements are fed to a computer system foranalysis. The computer system then assigns different shades of gray to different structures based on their absorption or attenuation coefficients. A picture is reconstructed by the computer which is based on geometric plots of where the measurements were derived from. Despite the CT having being discovered in the early 1970s, the system uses a mathematical formula that had been developed by Johann Radon earlier in 1917 (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). One of the modern versions of CT technology is known as helical or spiral CT. In helical CT, the patient table is moved at a steady pace through the CT gantry as the scanning process continues while an x-ray tube rotates about the patients body. A constant volume of data is obtained during a single breath-hold. This technique has dramatically improved the speed of acquiring image. It also makes scanning possible especially during finest contrast opacification. It also eliminates artifacts that are occasioned by mis-registration and differences in patients breathing (Brant Helms, 2009). The information obtained using CT systems is displayed on a television CRT monitor and recorded on CD or DVD. Once the information has been recorded, it is possible to alter the windows of the various densities to optimally demonstrate the various subject organs on the reading console. The data from the CT is linked to a digital display such as PACs or teleradiology (Daffner, 2007). It may also be transferred to x-ray film using a device known as a multi format camera. The appearance of certain viscera or vascular neoplasms is enhanced by injecting contrast material intravenously. The latest technical advance in CT imaging is known as multi-detector helical CT (MDCT). It uses the helical priciples; scanner, however, includes numerous rows of detector rings (Herring, 2007). This enables the attainment of many slices in every tube rotation; hence augmenting the patients area that can be enclosed by a single x-ray beam. The key benefit of MDCT is its pace. Compared to helical CT, this version is five to eight times. For body scanning, one millimeter slices can be obtained creating cubic isotropic voxels, which allows image reconstruction in any anatomic plane without losing resolution (Daffner, 2007). A disadvantage of MDCT is radiation dose, which can be three to five times higher than with single-slice CT. During a CT imaging test, the patient lies on table attached to the CT scanner. The machine then sends x-ray through the body part under study. Every rotation of the CT scanner takes slightly under one second and offers a picture of a thin slice of the body part under examination. The pictures are then saved in a computer, and can also be printed. A CT imaging test can be used to study almost all parts of the body like the lung, liver, heart, thyroid and even bones (Erkonen Smith, 2009). The second diagnostic imaging modality to be examined in this paper is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This is a technique that produces tomographic images by means of radio waves and magnetic fields. As examined earlier, CT evaluates only a single tissue parameter through x-ray attenuation. However, MRI analyzes multiple tissue characteristics including protonn density, T1 and T2 relaxation times of tissues, and blood flow inside the tissue. The soft tissue gap provided by MRI is considerably better compared to what can be obtained using any other imaging modality (Armstrong, Wastie Rockall, 2004). T1 is a measurement used to determine how fast a tissue can be come magnetized (Brant Helms, 2009). On the other hand, T2 coveys how quickly a given tissue loses its magnetization. MRI is grounded on the premise that a small number of protons can absorb and release radio wave energy if the body is subjected to a strong magnetic field. Dissimilar tissues absorb and emit radio wave energy at different, detectable, and characteristic rate. MRI scans are gotten when the patient is placed in a static magnetic field of 0.02 to 4 teslas in strength, depending on the particular MRI unit used. The choice of unit for imaging is based on preference and local availability (Daffner, 2007). A small number of tissue protons in the patient align with the main magnetic field and are subsequently displaced from their alignment by application of radio frequency gradients. When the RF gradient is terminated, the protons that have been terminated align again with main magnetic field, releasing a small pulse of energy that is detected, localized, and then processed by a computer algorithm similar to that used in CT to produce a cross-sectional tomogrophic anatomic image. MRI can be used to image different body parts such as the, bones, spine, joints, pelvic organs, urinary tract, and heart. It is a useful procedure for diagnosing skeletal diseases and cancer (Erkonen Smith, 2009). The last diagnostic imaging modality is ultrasound. This modality uses very high frequency sound that is directed into the body of a patient. The transducer that produces the sound is positioned in contact with the skin. A good acoustic contact is obtained by smearing the body of the patient with jelly-like substance. As the sound moves through the body, the tissue interfaces reflect it, hence producing echoes which are picked by the same transducer and afterwards is translated into an electrical signal. Ultrasound is generated by making a special crystal oscillate at a frequency that is predetermined. The crystal not to transmits the pulses of sound and listens to the bouncing echoes. The echoes are amplified by electronic means and recorded on a television monitor in the form of signals (Herring, 2007). During the scan, the ultrasound beam is electronically passed through the patients body and body part is showed instantly. The obtained image appears like a slice, and for one to get a three-dimensional assessment; a number of slices must be created by angling or moving the transducer (Brant Helms, 2009). An ultrasound scan can be used for various uses. It can be used to keep a watch on the progress of a child that is yet to be born. Ultrasound can also be used to identify problems of different body parts such as the liver, pancreas, ovaries, kidneys, and breast. In essence, the different diagnostic imaging modalities have been a milestone in the medical history as they have helped doctors in examining various body parts that could not have been examined were it not for the developments. Buy custom Imaging Services Radiology essay

Applying a culture awareness scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying a culture awareness scholarship - Essay Example Therefore, different cultural groupings would have different values and norms. Because of this difference, there is need for cultural sensitivity. With cultural sensitivity, despite knowing the existing cultural differences and similarities, no values would be assigned to such differences. This understanding and sensitivity critically inform the tenets of cultural awareness. Thus, cultural awareness would mean the development of understanding of and sensitivity to another ethnic group. It involves appreciating one’s culture and accommodating with respect other people’s cultures. This would require continuous development of knowledge of other people’s cultures, especially by interacting with such people. Cultural awareness is an important attribute to cultivate because it fosters peaceful and harmonious coexistence in this multi-cultural environment. What is considered as appropriate in one culture could be interpreted as inappropriate in another. Thus, misunderstandings could arise if a person uses own meanings to make sense of the other person’s reality. Important to note is the argument by Picardo that cultural awareness is difficult as naturally, culture is not conscious to humans. From birth, humans have learnt to do things unconsciously. Our values, experiences and ethnicity cause actions in a specific way. It is important to get out of our cultural boundaries so as to realize the impact our cultures have on other people. Seeing both the negative and positive aspects of our cultural differences would be an important approach in fostering peace and harmony in our societies. This cultural awareness would particularly be important when an organization seeks to expand its s olutions and identity so as to take a different approach to its problem solving procedures. It not only promotes flexibility but also creates new valuable behaviors and skills. In business, cultural awareness

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Methods - Essay Example A key figure in business organization is a leader. His or her role and significance in the modern market society can not be underestimated. Developed countries spend vast resources on training professional managers. This problem is especially acute for many countries, which have very limited experience in training managers with the leadership skills in a market economy. Its solution depends on developing the right ideas about what qualities should be possessed by any leader working under modern conditions. The main objective of work boils down to, to learn the concepts and essence of leadership, to analyze the relationship between supervisor and subordinates, and make recommendations for the improvement of the organization efficiency on the whole. Implementation of the function of leadership must always entail changes and renewal. If any organization wants to survive and succeed in its business, then, on the analogy with people, it must adapt to environmental conditions and change al ong with them. Leaders are the first people, implementing innovations in their organization’s business. There are always people, individuals and whole groups, who fear to lose-something as a result of change. The last cause tensions, even in such cases, when it is obvious, that such changes are overdue and necessary. Without leadership any organization becomes detached from life, losing its ground, becoming less popular and effective. Leadership involves the process of social impact. The emphasis on "group" was and remains common to leadership theories and research in this area. This level of analysis refers to the micro level of organizational behavior and leadership studies. Business organization and, especially, organizational culture, in this case is rarely included in the scope of scientific interests. In this connection, study of problems of organizational leadership takes its particular relevance through the prism of an entrepreneurial culture under modern conditions. The extent of the given problem, relations between the leadership and team and the root causes of this universal social phenomenon were interesting for both thinkers of antiquity and modern times: Socrates, Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Kant. Analysis of business organizations as socio-cultural phenomenon dates back to the tradition of Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, K. Levin, F. O. Selznick, and especially Charles Barnard and H. Simon (the latter largely foreshadowed the notion of "organizational ethics", the main features of the "organizational culture" category). The very introduction of the term "organizational culture ", as part of the business culture, and its detailed study dates back to the late 70-ies of XX century. G. Hofshtede (2000) conducted the most comprehensive study in the area of establishment and functioning of the enterprise culture and its typology. The models of the organizational culture influence on the functioning and management of the organization were suggested by V. Sate, T. Peters and R. Waterman, R. Quinn, J. Rohrbach, R. De George, J. Burns. The new aspects of leadership analysis were labeled in trade organizations in

Causes and Effects of Climate Change Essay

Causes and Effects of Climate Change Essay The earth climates nowadays is changing very rapidly and differently. Besides that, the climate changes in our earth are affecting our lives psychologically, physically and emotionally. What is climate change? Climate change is the seasonal changes for a long period of time in the world. These climate patterns play an important role in shaping natural ecosystems, and the human economies and cultures that depend on them. For example, the changes in climate can affect how people, plants and animal live, such as food production and health risks. As the earths climate is dynamic and always changing through a natural cycle, the world is now worried about the changes that occurring today have been speeding up and seriously affecting humans lives. All across the world, people are taking action to prevent climate change. For example, in 2007, scientists from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that warming oceans and melting glaciers due to global warming and climate c hange could cause sea levels to rise 7-23 inches by the year 2100. So, some islands and some small countries will be flooded by the sea water and even disappeared very soon. Because of this, we must take action as soon as possible to try to solve this problem or to prevent the more serious of climate changes occur. Im interested in this topic because the climate changes in our country or this world are too serious and its interesting to discuss and try to fix the problem. However, what are the causes and effects of climate changes that affecting our lives and environment? There are two main causes of climate changes natural causes and human activities. Natural causes have influenced the earths climates such as volcanic eruptions, ocean current, the earths orbital changes and solar variations. The eruptions of volcanoes cause a cooling effect on the earth. When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2), water vapour, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. The volcano eruptions will affect the climatic pattern for years although the eruptions occur in a few days. The sulphur dioxide gas will reach the upper level of the atmosphere. The tiny particles, dusts and ashes will block the incoming sun rays and this will leads to cooling at the atmosphere. This is because the bouncing of sunlight to the space is cooling the atmosphere of the earth. Furthermore, ocean current is one of the natural cause that affecting climate changes. The ocean is the major component of the climate system. The oceans cover about 71% of the earth and absorb about twice as much of the suns radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface. Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns. Besides that, the oceans also play an important role of the concentration of carbon dioxide. The changes in ocean circulation will affect the climate through the movement of carbon dioxide into or out of the atmosphere. Moreover, another cause that affects climate changes is the earths orbital changes. The earth makes one full orbit around the sun every year. If there is no tilt we will not experience seasons. Changes in the tilt of the earth can affect the severity of the seasons. For example, if there is more tilt means we will experience warmer summers and colder winters and if there is less tilt means we will experience cooler su mmers and milder winters. Another main cause that leads to climate changes is human activities. From the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution saw the large-scale use of fossil fuels for industrial activities. Therefore, they created many jobs for the people. And many people moved from rural areas to cities. Many vegetation areas were cleared to become houses or factories for industries. Natural resources are being used extensively for construction, industries, transport, and consumption. All this has contributed to the rises of greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. Human is generating industries factories and houses, and running the vehicles that used many fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gases. These uses of fossil fuel will leads to climate changes. Global climate change is caused by the fertiliser that used for agricultures. The result of microbial action in the soil, these chemical will release nitrous oxide. Besides that, the emission of methane and carbon dio xide will also affect climate changes. In addition, the increasing of agriculture is also caused by the increasing of human population in the world. All the causes are giving a great impact for climate changes in our earth. What are the consequences of these causes for the climate changes to our world? We can see that there are three main effects on climate changes in our environment. Firstly, climate change in the world will affects human health. There are so many past researches showed that climate change will leads to human health and producing diseases. For example, in the research paper by Healey et al., 2010 that I have read said that the climate change is affecting the health of northern people such as Nunavut, Canada. Besides that, Cecchi et al. (2010) have conducted the research on the effects of climate change on allergic asthma. Moreover, Mickley, 2007 stated that high levels of surface ozone and particles have been implicated in many diseases involving the cardiac and respiratory systems. These researches showed that the climate changes are seriously affecting the humans health. Secondly, climate changes will also affect the biodiversity. Biodiversity is very important for the plants and animals to maintain their habitat and ecosystem. The climate changes have impacted the loss of biodiversity. For example, the water sources may change, the food chain may destroy and the medicine sources may change. In addition, the marine ecosystem will be affected not only by an increase in sea temperature but also ocean acidification, which increases the vulnerability of fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs. Furthermore, climate changes also will affect humans mind and behaviour psychologically. Climate changes will affect humans behaviour such as consumption, energy use and population growth. Besides that, climate changes also impact psychosocial and mental health including stress, guilty, anxiety to adapt and cope with the new changing weathers. The climate changes will cause the increase of social disorder such as post traumatic disorder, suicide, stress, abuse, violence and anxiety. Therefore, climate changes will be giving a great impact on the humans psychological lives. Discussion As we can see how the causes and effects of climate changes that occur in our world and this topic was concerned by the worldwide. So, what are the solutions and method that we can prevent climate changes or solve the problems that we are having now? Actually there are some solutions that our government, community and society can do. Firstly, the government can help the communities and businesses to reduce deforestation, plant new trees in the forest and empty land, earn sustainable livelihoods and adapt to changing climatic conditions. Next, teachers in lecturers in schools and colleges must give the knowledge of how to protect our earth from the very young age of the children and students. One of the reasons that caused the climate changes is the emission of carbon dioxide from the vehicles. Therefore, we can reduce the uses of vehicles and car-pooling in our daily lives. Besides that, at home, we can switch our light bulbs to energy efficient bulbs and turn off the light when we a re not using it or after using it. Conclusion As a conclusion, we can see there are many effects of climate changes that seriously affecting our environment, health and biodiversities. If we still have not take any actions to prevent the climate changes, our mother earth will be become sick more seriously. Furthermore, when the deforestation continuing occurs, there will be having many different consequences to our environment. Climate changes will also leads to psychological problem such as post traumatic disorder, stress, anxiety and violence among the communities. So, to protect our environment and give our next generation to have a better place to stay, we must always know how to prevent the climate changes such as stop cutting off the trees, save energy, car-pooling, etc. Therefore, let us together to protect and love our beautiful mother earth that given by God and try to keep her healthy as long as we can.

Japan and Korea Essay -- History Historical Korea Japan Essays

Japan and Korea Did Japan modernize or exploit Korea? Scholars have debated this question with vigor throughout this century. I do not believe the answer is so black and white. While looking at the history of the colonization, evidence of both should appear. The word colonization alone generally means to move into another people’s land and exploit resources. However, positive results can appear during a negative situation. Regardless of what point of view an individual takes, there is no doubt that Japan has dramatically influenced Korea. This is common with most nations in the industrialization period or the modernization period. Think about it, every treaty endorsed between nations leads to policy change. The lessons learned from previous agreements, aid in creating new policies. Korea, suggested by Cummings, was a buffer zone between China and Japan. China acted as the big brother or role model for Korea. Culture, language values and society itself developed by free choices made by the Korean government. However, China was always ready to step in if Korea seemed to get to powerful or weak. Cummings makes this relationship sound as if everything was all right as long as Korea depended on the aid of China and respected China’s dominance of the region. Japan although at times respected China’s power believed that if Korea would consider themselves equal to China Japan could take the role of the regional superpower. Japan also, at times thought they were superior to both China and Japan and should incorporate them both into the Japanese empire and at times had been fairly successful in dong so. Many factors allowed the Japanese colonization of Korea. For one, Korea had adopted an isolationist philosophy early in its history. Cummings has said many times that when you landed in Korea the first question asked was â€Å"when are you leaving?† In addition, Korean tradition did not place a high value on trade. Cummings went on to say that Korea was the only place that when a profit was made, it was not a joyous occasion. Do not be misled by that statement that would leave one to think that Korean people were inferior and should be exploited, for I do not believe that at all. The Confucianism heritage did not believe in profit. However, equitability was not forbiddened. Such led to the tributary and cultural exchanges between Korea and China. These beliefs... ...er Japanese control, as well as to keep Korea profitable for Japan. Did Japan modernize Korea? No. Did the Japanese aid in the beginning of Korea’s industrialization period? Yes, the infrastructure and technology forced upon Korea definitely gave the Korean people a foundation to industrialization. The problem I have in saying that Japan modernized Korea is that modernization in general has a positive connotation. I do not want to become a victim to the cliches of one race blaming another for certain hardships. However, I propose this question, Did the Japanese occupation lead to positive modernization of Korea or the divisiveness that has haunted Korea for almost fifty years? I will not say that if Japan did not invade Korea that Korea would be unified today, or am I willing to say that another country would not have tried to colonize Korea. I do believe that Korea when their society was ready would have mobilized themselves to become an industrialized nation. I also believe that when they would have come to that point that they would have enjoyed the same type of success in growth rate that was present from the late 1960’s. The only difference is when would Korea start.